Antibiotics

Antibiotics are a class of molecules, whether natural or synthetic, which has the effect of suppressing or stopping a biochemical processes in the organism, especially in the process of infection by bacteria. The use of antibiotics in particular with regard to the treatment of infectious diseases, although in biotechnology and genetic engineering are also used as a selection tool to mutants or transformants. Antibiotics work such as pesticides by pressing or break the chain of metabolism, it's just that the target is bacteria. Antibiotics differ with disinfectant because of the way it works. Disinfectant to kill germs by creating an unnatural environment for germs to live.
Unlike previous infection treatments, the use of poisons such as strychnine, antibiotics nicknamed "magic bullets": drugs that target disease without hurting his master. Antibiotics are not effective handling infection caused by viruses, fungi, or other nonbakteri, and very varied effectiveness of each antibiotic against a variety of bacteria. There are antibiotics that target gram-negative or gram-positive, there is also a broader spectrum. Effectiveness also depends on the location of the infection and the ability of the antibiotic to reach the site.
Oral antibiotics (eaten) is easy to use when it is effective, and antibiotics intravenously (through an IV) is used for more serious cases. Antibiotics can be used sometimes local, such as eye drops and ointments.

Brief history of the invention of modern antibiotics

The discovery of antibiotics occur 'accidentally' when Alexander Fleming, in 1928, forget to clean the dosage of bacteria on a petri dish and leave it in the clearance racks throughout the weekend. On Monday, when the petri dish will be cleared, he saw some mold has grown in media and parts around the mold 'clean' of bacteria that meets the media. Being interested in this fact, he did further research on the fungus, which it turns out is Penicillium chrysogenum syn. P. notatum (light blue mold is easily found in the bakery were left damp few days). He then got positive results in testing the effects of extracts of fungi against bacterial collection. From the extracts he acknowledged discovered the first natural antibiotic: penicillin G.
The discovery of the antibacterial effects of Penicillium previously been known by researchers from the Institut Pasteur in France in the late 19th century, but the results were not recognized by their own institutions and not published. '

Various antibiotics
Antibiotics can be classified based on the work targets of these compounds and their chemical composition.
Bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors, including penicillin class,
1. polypeptides and cephalosporins, eg, ampicillin, penicillin G;
2. Inhibitors of transcription and replication, including the quinolone class, eg rifampin, aktinomisin D, nalidixic acid;
3. Inhibitors of protein synthesis, include many types of antibiotics, especially from the class of macrolides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines, such as gentamicin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, azithromycin;
4. Inhibitors of cell membrane function, for example ionomisin, valinomycin;
5. Inhibitor other cell functions, such as sulfa or sulfonamide, for example oligomisin, tunikamisin; and
6. Antimetabolites, such azaserine.

The use of antibiotics
Because antibiotics are usually very specific work on a process, a mutation which may occur in bacteria enable the emergence of strains of bacteria are 'immune' to antibiotics. That is why, antibiotics are usually given in doses that cause the bacteria to die soon and in a rather long period of time so that the mutation does not occur. The use of antibiotics 'responsibility' only increases the chances for a type of bacteria that is 'immune'. Therefore a full dose or a cure of antibiotics should be spent everything, although sometimes only half the cure just seems to have recovered. Certain bacteria in a particular person is sometimes difficult to cure, because the bacteria are sometimes already experiencing resistance to some particular antibiotic, therefore, need to do Culture in the Clinical Laboratory of the specimen (urine, blood, faeces, sputum, nasal mucus or secret more) to determine the type of bacteria and antibiotics also what remains impervious to bacteria. Urinary tract infections sometimes there is more than one bacterium at once.
Use of antibiotics in agriculture as an antibacterial generally limited because they are expensive, but their use in biotechnology broad enough to select the cells containing the new genes. The practice of using antibiotics is sharply criticized by environmental activists because of fears of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pests.

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